Please read Begin with Parallel programming in Dotnet 4.0 article if you have not read.

Task Parallelism

This is strategy to run independent task in parallel way. It focuses on distributing execution process (threads) across different parallel computing nodes.Task parallelism emphasizes the distributed (parallelized) nature of the processing (i.e. threads), as opposed to the data parallelism. Most real programs fall somewhere on a continuum between Task parallelism and Data parallelism. Workflow of task parallelism is below:

Dot Net Framework provides Task Parallel Library (TPL)  to achieve Task Parallelism. This library provides two primary benefits:

1. More Efficient and more scalable use of system resources.
2. More programmatic control than is possible with a thread or work item.

Behind the scenes tasks are queued in ThreadPool, which has been enhanced with algorithms in .Net 4.0 that determine and adjust to the number of threads that maximizes throughput. This makes tasks relatively lightweight, and you can create many of them to enable fine-grained parallelism. To complement this, widely-known work-stealing algorithms are employed to provide load-balancing.

This library provides more features to control tasks like: cancellation, continuation, waiting, robust exception handling, scheduling etc.

The classes for TaskParallelism are defined in System.Threading.Tasks:

How to Create and execute Tasks

Task Creation and Execution can be done by two ways: Implicit and Explicit.

Create and Execute Task Implicitly

Parallel.Invoke method helps to to run unit of work in parallel. you can just pass any number of Action delegates as parameters. The no. of tasks created by Invoke method is not necessarily equal to Action delegates provided because this method automatically does some optimization specially in this case.

Source Code

        private static void Run2()
        {
            Thread.Sleep(1000);
            Console.WriteLine("Run2: My Thread Id {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
        }

        private static void Run1()
        {
            Thread.Sleep(1000);
            Console.WriteLine("Run1: My Thread Id {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            //Create and Run task implicitly
            Parallel.Invoke(() => Run1(), () => Run2());
            Console.ReadLine();
        }

Output

Run2: My Thread Id 11
Run1: My Thread Id 10

This approach of creating task does not give greater control over task execution, scheduling etc. Better approach is to create task by TaskFactory class.

Create and Execute Task Explicitly

You can create task by creating instance of task class and pass delegate which encapsulate the code that task will execute. These delegate can be anonyms, Action delegate, lambda express and method name etc.

Example of creating tasks:

Source Code:

        private static void Run2()
        {
            Thread.Sleep(1000);
            Console.WriteLine("Run2: My Thread Id {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);

        }

        private static void Run1()
        {
            Thread.Sleep(1000);
            Console.WriteLine("Run1: My Thread Id {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);

        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // Create a task and supply a user delegate by using a lambda expression.
            // use an Action delegate and a named method
            Task task1 = new Task(new Action(Run1));

            // use a anonymous delegate
            Task task2 = new Task(delegate
                        {
                            Run1();
                        });

            // use a lambda expression and a named method
            Task task3 = new Task(() => Run1());
            // use a lambda expression and an anonymous method
            Task task4 = new Task(() =>
            {

                Run1();
            });

            task1.Start();
            task2.Start();
            task3.Start();
            task4.Start();
            Console.ReadLine();
        }

Output

Run1: My Thread Id 13
Run1: My Thread Id 12
Run1: My Thread Id 11
Run1: My Thread Id 14

If you don’t want to create and starting of task separated then you can use TaskFactory class. Task exposes “Factory” property which is instance of TaskFactory class.

Task task5= Task.Factory.StartNew(()=> {Run1();});

Task with Return Values

To get value from when task completes it execution, you can use generic version of Task class.

 public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            //This will return string result
            Task task = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => ReturnString());
            Console.WriteLine(task.Result);// Wait for task to finish and fetch result.
            Console.ReadLine();
            
        }

        private static string ReturnString()
        {
            return "Neeraj";
        }

Task State

If you are running multiple tasks same time and you want to track progress of each task then using "State" object is better approach.

 
	public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            //This will return string result
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            {
                Task task = Task.Factory.StartNew(state => ReturnString(), i.ToString());
                //Show progress of task
                Console.WriteLine("Progress of this task {0}: {1}", i, task.AsyncState.ToString());
            }
            
            Console.ReadLine();

        }

        private static void  ReturnString()
        {
            //DO something here

           // Console.WriteLine("hello");
        }

Output

Progress of this task 0: 0
Progress of this task 1: 1
Progress of this task 2: 2
Progress of this task 3: 3
Progress of this task 4: 4

In Next blog, I'll explain TaskCreationOptions,Waiting,Cancellation tasks etc.

Please keep giving your valuable feedbacks.